Blog

Provocholine®

Aridol®

Partnerships

Training

Clinical Research Consultation

CRCE Courses

Blogs / Podcast

Guidelines / Publications

Speaking Engagements

Chronic Cough – What Does It Mean?

Feb 15, 2023

Why do we cough? Cough is a defense mechanism to clear irritants from our lungs. The process begins with a trigger like cold air, smoke, or aspirated food/liquid that then causes the body to respond by closing the glottis, thereby increasing intrathoracic pressure. Breath is then expelled at a high velocity, clearing out any foreign particles in the lungs.  Occasional cough is therefore normal; a persistent cough on the other hand can be a sign of a medical condition.

Did you know that cough is one of the most common reasons people see a doctor every year?  It is categorized by duration:

Acute: present < 3 weeks
Subacute: present 3 – 8 weeks
Chronic: present > 8 weeks

The most common cause for an acute cough in adults is a viral upper respiratory infection, i.e., the common cold.  Other causes include  rhinosinusitis, COPD exacerbation, rhinitis, asthma, pneumonia, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) or CHF.  These are conditions where cough is a symptom that can be treated and relieved.  There is no consensus on the definition for chronic cough, but it has become clear that cough can be more than a symptom of an underlying disease for some patients; it is a medical condition in and of itself that can have significant impact on quality of life. 

Unexplained chronic cough (UCC) is a cough that persists and is of unknown origin. UCC may also be identified as refractory chronic cough or difficult-to-treat cough.  Globally, chronic cough is seen in 2-18% of the adult population, predominantly in middle age, with women reporting a higher incidence.  Until puberty, the incidence is similar between boys and girls. However, children are not miniature adults and identifying and managing chronic cough in these patients is approached and handled differently.    

The burden of UCC on patients can be significant and disabling for some, reducing quality of life and even leading to social isolation and depression.  People experiencing UCC report fatigue, disrupted sleep, and in extreme cases, chest pain, rib fractures, and hernias.  It can also exacerbate conditions such as incontinence.  Patients may live with UCC for years before receiving effective treatment.

A thorough assessment that includes objective testing is important before a diagnosis of UCC can be made. Medical history, physical exam, and tests like spirometry or chest x-ray can be part of a full work-up to identify a potential  disease state.   Other tools to assess cough include cough diaries, cough counting measures, and quality of life questionnaires like the Leicester Cough Questionnaire. Asthma is a common cause of cough and needs to be ruled out. This could involve bronchial challenge testing with methacholine or mannitol to assess airway hyperresponsiveness as well as measurement of other markers of inflammation like FeNO (fractional exhaled nitic oxide)  and blood or sputum eosinophils.  

Identifying the cause of a patient’s cough will help identify the most effective treatment for that patient.  There is growing recognition that there are endotypes and phenotypes for chronic cough and these play a role in treatment success.  Recognized phenotypes of chronic cough include:

  • Asthma – this common condition has three identified cough sub-groups:   classic asthma, cough variant asthma and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. 
  • Reflux cough – may entail recurring aspiration of gastric contents leading to airway inflammation.  
  • Postnasal drip syndrome – identified as upper airways cough syndrome (UARS) but there appears to be some controversy about this syndrome and why it causes cough. 
  • Iatrogenic cough – seen in approximately 15% of patients taking ACE inhibitors.  Other drugs like calcium channel agonists may worsen already existing reflux disease, increasing cough. 
  • Smoking – there is a cumulative effect of on-going smoking, or exposure to, and chronic cough.  Pack years (packs smoked per day X number of years) along with current consumption are predictors of cough frequency.

Treatment of UCC remains challenging and there are guidelines and recommendations from various groups.  Unfortunately, many of the current pharmacological treatments are off-label and it is difficult to determine which will be best for each patient and which will yield the least adverse effects.  In general, it is recommended that treatments be given in short trials and discontinued if there is no response.  If it is shown that cough is diminished, a longer trial of several months may be indicated to see if the cough resolves.  Non-pharmacological treatment of UCC includes cough control therapy and physical/speech therapy.  A benefit of non-pharmacological treatment is that there are no adverse effects.

While cough is not a new problem, awareness of the burden of chronic cough is increasing along with the prevalence.  This is an exciting area of research and development.  With continued dedication, many people who have been affected by UCC may soon find relief.

Recent Posts

Advanced Education for RTs – Big Step, Bigger Rewards

Advanced Education for RTs – Big Step, Bigger Rewards

Nathan Pounds, BS, RRT, AE-C As respiratory therapists we provide direct patient care, patient education, and care coordination in various in-patient and out-patient settings. This includes acute care facilities, long-term and sub-acute care facilities, skilled...

Empowering Patients – Giving Them the ‘Why’

Empowering Patients – Giving Them the ‘Why’

Julie “Beth” Carney, MS, RRT, AE-C In 2013, Medicare began penalizing hospitals for readmissions within 30-days following discharge after implementing the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). By linking reimbursement to the quality-of-care patients receive,...

Being Grateful: Reflecting on 2022

Being Grateful: Reflecting on 2022

As 2022 wraps up and we enter the holiday season, it is natural to reflect on the events of the year. This is a terrific opportunity to share why we are grateful. We decided we would check in with our inaugural Blog contributors and a few other special peers in the...

The Power of Self-Care in Managing Bronchiectasis

The Power of Self-Care in Managing Bronchiectasis

Linda Esposito, MPH I am a wellness coach and have been fortunate to live most of my life with few health issues. However, in 2016, I came back from a vacation with a cold and a lingering cough. For almost a year, my doctor and I thought my chronic cough was due to...

Higher Education for RTs: What’s All the Fuss?

Higher Education for RTs: What’s All the Fuss?

Mike Hess, MPH, RRT, RPFT

In 2015, AARC established a goal that 80% of respiratory therapists would have at least a bachelor’s degree by 2020. It was certainly a lofty goal and based on the 2020 AARC Human Resource Survey of Respiratory Therapists, it appears we as a profession have come up a little short. Still, AARC remains committed to elevating the education level of respiratory therapists, and CoARC has established that a baccalaureate degree be the goal of any newly established RT education program.

Find your ‘Why’ as an RT

Find your ‘Why’ as an RT

Ralph Stumbo Jr RRT CPFT

We all have a story about how we ended up in Respiratory Therapy. Some of them are pretty straight forward: from high school to college to your first job. Others, like myself, sort of “backed into it”.